One of the greatest challenges the world faces is diabetes. This chronic metabolic condition affects over 500 million people worldwide, and this number is predicted to increase. However, did you know that certain sleep disorders can increase the risk of diabetes? One such condition is sleep apnea and its connection with Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is often overlooked. This sets a dangerous precedent as millions of individuals who suffer from sleep apnea may develop T2D. As the global prevalence of diabetes continues to increase, it is crucial to understand this relationship to implement timely interventions.
Link between sleep apnea and diabetes
Sleep apnea is a condition that causes individuals to breathe erratically, resulting in fitful sleep. The most common form of sleep apnea is obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), which affects nearly a billion people worldwide. It occurs due to a blockage in the upper airway that hinders breathing during sleep. Central sleep apnea (CSA), the less common form, occurs when the brain fails to send appropriate signals to control breathing. Poor sleep caused by sleep apnea disrupts the body’s ability to regulate blood sugar levels effectively. Inadequate oxygen supply during sleep can also cause insulin resistance, leading to the development of T2D over time. Additionally, OSA can cause obesity, a major risk factor for T2D. This vicious cycle of sleep disturbances and metabolic issues highlights the importance of addressing OSA early.
Detection and treatment of sleep apnea
Timely treatment of OSA can improve insulin sensitivity and lower blood sugar levels. Additionally, addressing this condition can help decrease risks of cardiovascular issues such as hypertension and strokes.
Sleep apnea is diagnosed through sleep studies. Level 1 and Level 2 sleep studies are carried out in a clinic. Level 3 sleep study can be carried out at home using portable monitors that measure heart rate and oxygen saturation. Nowadays, advances have led to user-friendly wearables that provide clinically validated data. These devices can be synced with smartphone apps, giving patients and clinicians valuable insights.
Once diagnosed, OSA treatment varies based on severity. For mild-to-moderate cases, mandibular or dental devices are becoming increasingly common. These devices make it easier for patients to breathe by repositioning the jaw. When used with wearable sleep monitors, they can further improve sleep quality.
The link between sleep apnea and T2D continues to be a crucial yet under-recognised issue. It is imperative that screening for sleep apnea is a part of T2D detection programmes to improve sleep quality and diabetes management. In case of sleeping difficulties, consult a healthcare professional as it may be a precursor for a more serious problem.
Dr V Mohan, Chairman & Managing Director, Dr. Mohan’s Diabetes Specialities Centre